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عمومی::
شکل گیری(تدوین) خط مشی، تدوین خط مشی
PART I INTRODUCTION: POLICY FORMULATION AND THE POLICY PROCESS
1 Policy formulation: where knowledge meets power in the policy process 3
2 The central conundrums of policy formulation: ill-structured problems
3 Policy formulation as policy work: developing options for government 39
4 Positive and negative feedback in policy formulation 63،Implementation, policy implementation, public policy, public policy process, policy for- mation, policy formulation
In particular, it looks at the recent synthesis of several competing frameworks in the policy sciences - advocacy coalition, multiple streams and policy cycle models - developed by Howlett, McConnell and Perl and argues this approach, hitherto applied only to the 'front end' activities of agenda setting and policy formulation, helps better situate implementation activities in public policy studies, drawing attention to the different streams of actors and events active at this phase of public policy-making and helping to pull implementation studies back into the policy science mainstream.
For most public policy researchers at that time, the most significant and research- worthy activities in policy-making studies were felt to occur at the 'front-end' of the policy-making process: namely agenda-setting and policy formulation and decision- making itself (Jones, 1984).
This approach was more closely linked to studies of policy processes and outputs than either of the other two and did try to incorporate and consider some aspects of policy formulation and decision- making into its approach to programme design.
Unlike game-theoretic approaches, this clearly set implementation studies within a larger policy process framework, linking implementation structures and policy mech- anisms to earlier stages of policy-making activity around the articulation and design of alternative policy measures such as policy formulation (Linder and Peters, 1987, 1989).
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